England
Deposition of Richard
In 1397, Richard moved to eliminate all rivals to his power. Some he exiled, some he killed, often by treachery, such as inviting barons to a dinner then arresting them. He restored all of his favorites. He manipulated Parliament into endorsing his actions.
But he failed at war (in Ireland), and this gave the barons the opening they needed. In July 1399, Henry Bolingbroke, previously exiled by Richard, landed in England with a small contingent. He was joined by many along the way, and what had been a march for redress of grievances turned quickly into a revolution.
By August, Henry had captured the king and had declared himself king of England by right of conquest and the approval of Parliament.